Arduino is an open-source electronic tool that uses a combination of hardware and software. The Arduino board can perform the required functions by sending instructions from the microcontroller on the board. This can be achieved by using the Arduino programming language and the Arduino software (IDE).

Arduino finds application in everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. Arduino was designed by Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming.

Advantages of using Arduino

Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone – children, hobbyists, artists, programmers – can start tinkering just by following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community. Several other advantages of Arduino are:

• Inexpensive: Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive.
• Cross-platform: The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems.
• Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino IDE is easy to use for beginners and it is very flexible.
• Open source and extensible software: Arduino software is an open-source tool and can be extended by users.
• Open source and extensible hardware: Arduino board pins are published and experienced circuit designers can make their own design by extending and improving it.

We start using the Arduino using the board named Arduino UNO.

The physical layout of Arduino UNO

Components of Arduino UNO

• Microcontroller: The major component of the Arduino board is the microcontroller. The microcontroller is fabricated inside an integrated chip and it performs the arithmetic/logical operation required for the particular task. Also, it communicates with peripheral devices, reads input devices and writes to output devices. Arduino UNO uses an ATmega328P microcontroller.
• Digital I/O pins: For connecting the sensors/input devices and output devices the board has digital I/O pins (0-13). These pins are used either as input or as output based on the requirement. Pins 0 and 1 are used in serial communication where pin 0 is used for reception serial information and pin 1 is used for transmission.
• Analog input pins: Analog input pins (0-5) are used to give analogue inputs directly to the board.
• USB plug: USB plug for uploading the program and communicating with the computer. This also provides a power supply during the development stage of a project.
• External power supply: This is used to power the Arduino board when it is not connected to the computer.
• Board power supply pins: Used to provide power to peripheral devices.
• Reset button: A push button is used to reset the Arduino.
• In-circuit serial programmer

Installing Arduino IDE

1. Download the latest Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) from the link https://www.arduino.cc/en/software .
2. Click on the Arduino software.

3. Click on I agree

4. Click on next

5. Click on install. (If you want change in the destination folder, change to required destination and click install).

6. Now installation will start and wait for the completion of installation. At the end of installation following dialogs will popup. Click on install button for all the three dialogs.

Connecting the Arduino UNO to the computer

Connect the Arduino board to the computer using a USB cable.

Now the Arduino board will be automatically detected. (The same can be verified using device manager).

Writing first Arduino sketch/program

Instruction writing to Arduino is done using the Arduino programming language. These programs are also called sketches. This section demonstrates how to write a simple Arduino program.

Required components:

• Arduino UNO board
• USB cable provided with Arduino UNO board

Arduino UNO board contains a built-in LED. This LED is connected to pin digital pin 13.

Therefore the simplest task performed using the Arduino is bilking that LED for a particular interval of time.

Arduino IDE visual appearance

Open the Arduino IDE. The following window is displayed having File, Edit, Sketch, Tools and Help options. It also has quick access buttons Verify, Upload, New, Open, Save and Serial monitor options. The editor space is provided to write the Arduino program. At the bottom, there is a message area which displays feedback of different processes performed on the sketch.

The following steps are performed to write and upload the new sketch.

1. Writing the new sketch

To write a new sketch, go to File and click New (This can also be done using the New quick access button). This will create a blank sketch. Now write the Arduino program inside the sketch.

// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board
void setup() {
  // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output.
  pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
}

// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
  delay(1000); // wait for a second. The delay given in terms of milliseconds
  digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
  delay(1000); // wait for a second
}

2. Saving the Sketch

Now go to File and save the file with the required name (This can also be performed using quick access button Save).

3. Verifying (compiling) the sketch/Program

Compile the sketch by clicking verify button.

If the code gets compiled successfully, then the ‘Done compiling’ message will appear in the message area.

4. Uploading the sketch

The upload button compiles the sketch and uploads the program to the board.

If the code gets uploaded to the Arduino board successfully, then the ‘Done Uploading’ message will appear in the message area.

Now you can see the LED blinking for 1 second. Also, this can be re-verified for different values of delays.

Congratulations. You have successfully installed Arduino IDE and are ready to explore the Arduino projects.

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The post Getting Started with Arduino UNO first appeared on Student Projects.

Components required:

Principle:

IR sensors are used in the detection of objects, and obstacles. IR light is emitted from the IR emitter, which falls on the object and then reflects back. This reflected IR light is captured using an IR receiver and used to conclude the presence of the object. If the object is in the vicinity of the IR module, then the object’s presence can be detected. Otherwise, the object is said to be absent.

The IR sensor module has an IR emitter and receiver in the same module. The diagram below shows the IR sensor module.

The IR module contains 3 pins for the interface. Out of 3 pins two pins are VCC (3.3V/5V) and GND power supply. The OUT pin is the output pin which goes to a HIGH state when the object is present. When no object is detected OUT pin will stay at a LOW state. The major components in the module are the OP-AMP comparator, trim-pot, power LED and output LED. Trim-pot is used to change the sensitivity of the IR module (by varying the trim-pot we can change the distance at which the sensor can detect the object).

Circuit diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the IR module’s VCC and GND pins to Arduino’s +5V and GND pins respectively as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the OUT pin of the IR module to the Arduino board (pin 2) and declare it an input pin.
3. From the Arduino board connect the output (pin 7) to the +ve terminal of the LED. Connect –ve terminal of the LED to ground
4. Write the code in Arduino UNO software and run the program.
5. Move the object in front of the IR module and see the LED turning ON which indicates the presence of the object.

Working of object detection:

Whenever there is an object in front of the IR module, OUT of the IR module goes high. The IR module’s OUT pin is connected as the input to the Arduino board. The microcontroller in the Arduino board reads this signal and can conclude whether there is an object or not. The output is indicated through the LED connected to the Arduino board (shown in the breadboard).

The distance of the measurement (sensitivity) can be changed by varying the trim-pot. Variation in the trim-pot changes the reference voltage of the OP-AMP comparator. This

Flowchart for object detection:

Arduino Program for object detection:

int in_IRSensor = 2; // connect ir sensor to arduino pin 2
int out_LED = 7; // conect Led to arduino pin 13
void setup() 
{
  pinMode (in_IRSensor, INPUT); // sensor pin INPUT
  pinMode (out_LED, OUTPUT); // Led pin OUTPUT
}
void loop()
{
  int status_IR = digitalRead (in_IRSensor); //Read the IR sensor output
  if (status_IR == 1)
  {
    digitalWrite(out_LED, HIGH); // high on LED indicates object detected
  }
  else
  {
    digitalWrite(out_LED, LOW); // low on LED indicates no object present
  }  
}

The post Object Detection using the Arduino UNO first appeared on Student Projects.

In this article, we would interface an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04) with raspberry pie 4 to measure the distance of an object or obstacle. HC-SR04 is the sensor device that is specially used to measure the distance of an object within the range of 2mm to 400 cm. The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of measuring the propagation time of the sound waves in between sending and receiving signals. HC-SR04 sends 40KHz signals (8 bursts) for the detection of an object then the time is calculated for the 40KHz signal hitting the object and coming back. That time would be our measured distance. Now, this HC-SR04 sensor has to be interface with a microcontroller or microprocessor to control it in the desired way. In this project, we are gonna use the Raspberry Pi 4 board.

List of All the Components:

Below are the components listed, that are used to make this project.

• HC-SR04
• Raspberry Pi 4
• 680 Ω Resistor (1/4 Watt) resistor
• 1.5 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt) resistor
• Connecting wires
• Laptop or Computer (For the programming of Raspberry Pi)

HC-SR04

HC-SR04 is an ultrasonic sensor, its working principle has been explained above. The picture of the sensor is shown below. From the picture, it can observe that the sensor has 4 pins (Vcc, Trig, Echo, and GND). VCC is for the supply voltage and GND for the ground.

Now to send the 40KHz signal into the Air, the Trig PIN must be set high through the Raspberry Pi for at least 10us. As the ultrasonic signals go in the air, the ECHO pin also gets high and it remains high until the 40KHz hit the object and reaches back to the sensor. So the distance is calculated for the time ECHO was HIGH.

Raspberry Pi 4

Raspberry Pi 4 is a microprocessor board that runs on Linux. It is a mini-computer, that is used to control electrical components like an ultrasonic sensor. It has some sets of inputs and outputs (GPIO) that allow connecting the electrical components in the desired way. The Pin configuration for the Raspberry pi 4 is shown below.

Design and working of the Circuit

When all the required components are ready, it is time to connect them. The noticeable thing here is that Raspberry works on the 3.3V of logic level, while the HC-SR04 works on 5 V. so their voltage compatibility is required. The Schematic of the Circuit is shown below.

The connections are, VCC of HC-SR04 is connected to the PIN 2 of the Raspberry Pi, the Trig pin is connected to the PIN 16 which is GPIO 23 on the Raspberry board, the Echo is to PIN 18 (GPIO 24), and GND to the Pin 20 on the Raspberry board.

Now the problem is we can’t directly put the Echo Pin of the sensor to the GPIO pin of the Raspberry board. Because the Echo Pin has a voltage of 5V while raspberry needs the 3.3V. so for their configuration, use a combination of 680Ω and 1.5 KΩ resistors are connected between their connection.

Working

The working of the project will be that the ultrasonic sensor would be triggered by the Trig Pin through the raspberry programming, then during the propagation and reflection of 40KHz wave, the Echo pin will provide a high signal to the one of GPIO pin of Raspberry pi as input. This input will be calculated by a program to calculate the distance of the object. The code for this project is given below:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time
try:
    GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
    pinTrigger = 16
    pinEcho = 18
 
    GPIO.setup(pinTrigger, GPIO.OUT)
    GPIO.setup(pinEcho, GPIO.IN)
 
    GPIO.output(pinTrigger, GPIO.LOW)
    GPIO.output(pinTrigger, GPIO.HIGH)
 
    time.sleep(0.00001)
    GPIO.output(pinTrigger, GPIO.LOW)
 
    while GPIO.input(pinEcho)==0:
        pulseStartTime = time.time()
    while GPIO.input(pinEcho)==1:
        pulseEndTime = time.time()
 
    pulseDuration = pulseEndTime - pulseStartTime
    distance = round(pulseDuration * 17150, 2)
 
    print("Distance: %.2f cm" % (distance))
finally:
    GPIO.cleanup()

The post Raspberry Pi interface with Ultrasonic Sensor first appeared on Student Projects.

With  all  the  above  information,  the  rapid  depletion  of  the  natural resources of  the  world,  we  would  soon  meet  a  great demand  for  alternative source of energy. In the very near future, experts are predicting that we will be bound to move to renewable sources of energy, solar being one of them. As long as our earth exists, the sun is there to give us unlimited solar energy.  It is completely up to us how we are going to utilize this abandoned energy.  Every  hour,  sun  gives  the  same  amount  of energy to  the  world  that  the whole world uses in an entire year.

By considering all the above things and the environmental friendliness, economically  sound  and  the  ease  of  implementation, we  thought  of  working  on  it as  we  believe  that  in  the  near  future,  our  country  along  with  the  whole  world will be benefited from this source of renewable energy.

1. PROBLEM STATEMENT

As we can see, there are many problems that occur in the previous type of solar tracking system. The problem that we can see here is the solar panel that is fixed in position. Because of this problem, the power that can be generated is low.  The second problem is the price for the solar tracking system is very expensive for the family that use more power than usual because they need to install more than one solar  panel to produce enough power. So,  this  project  is  to  fix  the  problem  that  occurs  here. This solar tracking system can detect a 180 degree of rotation. So, the solar panel that can be generating here is very high compare to when the solar panel can only stay in one direction. So, the families don’t have to install more than one solar panel to generate enough power.  One solar panel is enough to produce a lot of power.

2. PROJECT SCOPE

This project is focused to design and build the prototype of solar tracking system that would be a starting point to build the realistic solar tracking system. Therefore, this prototype will cover the scope as followed.

• Using microcontroller (AT89S52).
• Using gear motor.
• Using two Light Dependant Resistors (LDRs) as sensors.
• Using an Inverter to run the load in the absence of the mains.
• Using a Solar battery to store the output power from the solar panel.

The Block diagram of “MULTIFUNCTIONAL SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM” has shown below.

The design has been organized in six modules. They are

• Power supply
• Light dependant resistor
• Microcontroller
• Solar panels
• Gear motor
• Inverter

3. POWER SUPPLY

In-order to work with any components basic requirement is power supply. In this section required voltage level is 5V DC power supply. The block diagram of a typical power supply is shown below.

4. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Light sensors are components of circuits that are able to measure light and increase or decrease their resistance accordingly. Resistance refers to the amount of electrical current or voltage that is held back by a certain part of the circuit, in this case because of a component called a Resistor. Compared to most resistors which have a set resistance and therefore resist a specified amount of electrical current through a circuit, this one is a bit more advanced with its resistance able to be altered under varying brightness’s of light, hence being referred to as a variable resistor. It is a bilateral device, which means this conducts in both directions in same fashion.

5. MICROCONTROLLER 89S52

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. This device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the  industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable  Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

6. SOLAR POWER FUNDAMENTALS

Below figure shows a simple model of a PV cell. Rs is the series resistance associated with connecting to the active portion of a cell or module consisting of a series of equivalent cells. Rp is parallel leakage resistance and is typically large, > 100kΩ in most modern PV cells. This component can be neglected in many applications except for low light conditions.

The amazing thing about solar power is that all the electricity is generated from the material of the solar panels and the energy from the sun. The solar panels are mainly made out of semiconductor material, Silicon being the most abundantly used semiconductor. The benefit of using semiconductor material is largely due to the ability of being able to control its conductivity whereas insulators and conductors cannot be altered. The electrons of the semiconductor material can be located in one of two different bands: the conduction band or the valence band. The valence band is initially full with all the electrons that the material contains. When the energy from sunlight, known as photons, strikes the electrons in the semiconductor, some of these electrons will acquire enough energy to leave the valence band and enter the conduction band. When this occurs, the electrons in the conduction band begin to move creating electricity. As soon as the electron leaves the valence band, a positively charged hole will remain in the location the electron departed. When this occurs, the valence band is no longer full and can also play a role in the current flow. This process basically describes how Photovoltaic (PV) systems function. However, PV systems further enhance the rate at which the electrons are sent into the conduction band through the process of doping.

7. GEAR MOTOR

Gear motors are widely used in modern systems due to their high performance, long service life, and low purchase and maintenance costs. Product development has made it possible to achieve high operating pressures, excellent volumetric and mechanical efficiency, and lower noise levels. The geared instrument dc motor is ideally suited to a wide range of applications requiring a combination of low speed operation and small unit size. The integral iron core dc motor provides smooth operation and a bidirectional variable speed capability while the gear head utilizes a multistage metal spur gear train rated for a working torque up to 0.2 Nm.

8. INVERTER

The method by which dc power from the PV array is converted to ac power is known as inversion. Other than for use in small off-grid systems and small solar gadgets, using straight dc power from a PV array, module or cell is not very practical. Although many things in our homes and businesses use dc power, large loads and our electrical power infrastructure are based on ac power. This dates back to the early days of Edison versus Tesla when ac won out over dc as a means of electrical power distribution. The CD 4047 is the major element in the inverting principle. The CD4047 is capable of operating in either the monostable or stable

Circuit diagrams, source codes and project photos are given in the next pages.

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Welcome to the world of Microcontrollers, and the first thing you need is a Device Programmer. This In System Programmer is RS232 (serial port) based but can indirectly be used with USB using USB to RS232 converter. If you need something like this you need to assemble a very simple circuit (Programmer Unit).

Hardware:

Figure 1 shows the Block diagram of the in-system programmer interface, the programmer can be self powered or target powered it depends on how you plan to use it.

Figure 2 shows the actual circuit diagram. The Programmer has just two ICs. IC1 = AT89C2051, IC2 = MAX 232. Few Resistors, LEDs, capacitors etc. The value of the crystal is critical and must be 11.0592 MHz.

Firmware:

Assemble the circuit and burn the firmware into an AT89C2051(you will need a conventional parallel Programmer to Program the AT89C2051).

Software:

The Software is a Windows GUI application and supports all programming functions. When you run the software for the first time it looks for a valid programmer on COM1. If the Programmer is connected to say COM2 you will receive an error message but when the application starts select Options->Settings on the Menu and specify the correct COM Port.

Following are the main features of this software,

• Device Supported – AT89S51, AT89S52, AT89S8252, AT89S8253.
• Read and write Intel Hex files.
• Chip Erase.
• Verify.
• Lock.
• Read Device Signature.
• Advanced Device Specific Functions.

ISP_PROG v1.4 Screen Shot

Download:

• AT89SXX ISP Flash Programmer Software
• Firmware for AT89C2051.

For latest Firmware and Software download:

https://sites.google.com/site/atmelispprogrammer/

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In this project we are using IR communication to implement the handheld vehicle lock control system. Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light (400-700 nm), but shorter than that of terahertz radiation (1 µm – 1mm) and microwaves (~30,000 µm). Infrared radiation spans roughly three orders of magnitude (750 nm and 100 µm).

A remote control locks operation system for a vehicle capable of unlocking a mechanical locking mechanism for mechanically disabling traveling of the vehicle by an infrared signal, without using the key. Components of the system include a handheld remote control transmitter, a receiver, a mechanical locking mechanism, a lock actuator and control unit, and wiring sections for connecting the lock actuator and the receiver to the control unit mounted in a common module housing contained on the vehicle body. The main components of the system, including the wiring section leading to the lock actuator, are unitized and integrate into the common module housing in order to prevent unauthorized unlocking of the lock.

To implement this application required components are one microcontroller, TV remote, IR receiver (TSOP1738), LCD, l293D and DC motor. Whenever user want to open the door, he has to press one remote switch which is related to ON. For that user has to develop one application program in EMBEDDED-C. At the same time for close the door separate key is assigned.

BLOCK DIAGRAM:

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

• AT89S52
• LCD DISPLAY
• TV REMOTE
• IR RECEIVER (TSOP1738)
• L293D
• DOOR (DC MOTOR)
• BUZZER

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

• KEIL C Compiler
• PROGRAMMING IN EMBEDDED C
• ISP PROGRAMMER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

The post Handheld Vehicle Lock Control System Using Wireless Communication (IR / RF) first appeared on Student Projects.

THEORY OF OPERATION-:  How to sense a black line The sensors used for the project are Reflective Object Sensors, 0PB710F that are already ready in the Electronic Lab. The single sensor consists of an infrared emitting diode and a NPN Darlington phototransistor. When a light emitted from the diode is reflected off an object and back into the phototransistor, output current is produced, depending on the amount of infrared light, which triggers the base current of the phototransistor. In my case, the amount of light reflected off a black line is much less than that of a white background, so we can detect the black line somehow by measuring the current. (This current is converted to voltage.)

ii) How to control a DC motor
Instead of applying a constant voltage across a DC motor, we repeat switching on and off the motor with a fixed voltage (Vcc) applied to the motor. This is done by sending a train of PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pulses to a power MOSFET in order to turn it on and off. Then, the motor sees the average voltage while it depends on duty cycle of PWM pulses. The speed of rotation is proportion to this average voltage.
By PWM method, it’s easier to control the DC motor than by directly controlling the voltage across it. All we have to do is to modulate pulse width, in ord

BLOCK DIAGRAM-:

Project idea by: HBeonLabs, Greater Noida, India

The post Line Following Robot first appeared on Student Projects.

Other disadvantages are: –

1. They can not store much information.
2. They can not be read from a distance.
3. They lose their data if placed under magnetic field or even on scratching.
4. There is no security to protect card data whereas in our card this is achieved with the provision of passwords.
5. There is no Re-Writable memory for temporary data storage such as railway reservation ticket.

The above-mentioned shortcomings are technical but there are user related problems also when one needs to handle a large number of cards at a time to obtain diverse information (Atm, Credit card, License, Voter Id. etc.). The user is highly inconvenienced as he is required to change over the cards frequently, so we have designed a card which combines information contained in a variety of cards. Since data is transferred using IR sensors so in many applications we can identify the user from a distance. We can also lock the data stored in card by using various passwords. Card can also store specific data in RAM for temporary use such as railway reservation, air bookings etc. we can also use the cards in automatic doors fitted with sensors which read the card from some distance and open the door only for authorized card holders.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

1. Card Unit: –

IR Sensors: – We are using here the infrared light as communication medium because of its low cost and better reception in short range communication. To make the receiver perform better it is designed to recognize the switching IR light of particular wavelength.

The wave length and switching frequency can be taken from the manufacturers data sheets

Buffer Amplifier: – The O\P of sensor does not have the current capacity to drive the microcontroller hence we use the buffer amplifier between sensor and micro controller.

Buffer Amp 2: – This section provides the current gain to signals coming from microcontroller.

Astable M.V.: – It generates the switching waveform to switch the IR LED on & off the frequency of the M.V. depends upon the sensor used.

Micro controller: – This is the part of card which stores the data in its EEPROM & also performs all the operations required for testing the incoming data & to decide the response of received data. It also controls the mode of serial communication and speed of communication.

2. PC Unit: –

For the pc unit all the blocks are same but instead of using microcontroller we use serial port of pc which follows the RS232 standard hence we use a Level Converter between port and Buffer Amp.
The first level converter converts the TTL signals in to RS232 signals & second level converter converts the RS232 signals to TTL signals. The conversion is necessary because the sensors & M.V. works on TTL logic.

3. Door unit: –

Here we implemented one utility of the card by opening the cabin door (in office) automatically as the authorized person come up to a certain distance from door, by reading his or her card from distance.

Now if the cards data does not match with door unit it sends the persons card number to PC & ask to open the door if operator press Y the door unit will open the gate.

To complete the door unit we require combining the following section as shown in block diagram.
Now we see that all the sections as same as we have discussed in previous blocks except that Relay & Beeper section. So we will discuss only this section. The door unit performs the two work one send data to call the specific data from card & read data from card through sensor. Now if persons card no does not match with unit it sends the pulses the beeper unit which produce the intermittent beep sound to indicate that door is not opened.

The post Electronic Identification and Personal Information card using 8951 Microcontroller first appeared on Student Projects.

Introduction

I have designed this leaning board to be used as a tool for learning MCS-51 Microcontrollers.

The AT89Sxx learning board features,

• Designed for new ISP chips, 89S51, 89S52, and 89S53, 40-pin DIP,
• In System Programmable (ISP) through the 6-pin header and a jumper, (no need external programmer),
• TxD and RxD serial port for communicating with serial devices,
• 32 bit GPIO,
• Onboard rectifier and +5V DC voltage regulator,
• Single Sided PCB design.

Hardware

The board design is kept as simple as possible so that everone can make the learning board easily. The schematic shown below shows the complete hardware schematic of the AT89Sxx learning board. PORT0, PORT1, PORT2, and PORT3 are available for interfacing external devices. P3.0 and P3.1 are being used for RS232 interface.

Components:

R1                          330 1/4W +/-5%

R2                          10K 1/4W +/-5%

R3-10                     10K 1/4W +/-5% (for pull up on P0)

C1                         1000uF/16V electrolytic capacitor

C2                         100uF/16V electrolytic capacitor

C3                         100nF multilayer or ceramic

C4                         10uF/16V electrolytic

C5,C6                    33pF ceramic

D1                         1N4001 / 1N4002 silicon rectifier diode

D2                         LED

U1                         LM7805, voltage regulator

U1                         AT89S51, AT89S52 or AT89S53

X1                         Crystal 1MHz – 33MHz (11.0592MHz is suitable for standard BAUD rate generator using timer1, says 9600 )

DB25 parallel port, 25pins connector

Construction

In order to make the AT89Sxx learning board, download the PCB ZIP file click on PCB ZIP FILES link given below. The file contains the single sided PCB track layout in PDF. Use the convenient file for making the PCB. Put the components as shown in the picture shown below.

How to make PCB?

1. You can print the PCB file. I have designed it using Express PCB (freeware)

   

2. Then copy with copier machine on tranparant paper. If you have a laser printer, you can print it on transparant paper or glossy photo paper.
3. After that, pell on PCB with clothes Iron.
4. After 5-15 minutes I turn off the clothes iron and remove the board to let it cool down.
   It needs to cool down because it is quit hot (30-40 degree Celcius)
5. Remove the paper form PCB. You can see how I am removing that paper. Movie file

Code Programming

The SPI In system Programming adapter such as Cheap Loader Cable of Asim’s ISP for 89S51 89S52 can be used for program loading to the MCU. Connect the ISP adapters 6 pin connector with the 6 pin ISP header on this board. Run the ISP software on PC for sending the Intel hex file to microcontroller. Then program will start running.

Project by Tahan Prahara, prahara_satria@yahoo.co.id

The post AT89Sxx Cheap and Simple Learning Board first appeared on Student Projects.

The VMSS (Vehicle Monitoring and Security System) is a GPS based vehicle tracking system that is used for security applications as well. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of each person travelling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station; the complete data about the vehicle.

Along with tracking the vehicle, the system is used for security applications as well. Each passenger/employee will have an ID of their own and will be using a remote containing key for Entry, Exit and Panic. The Panic button is used by the driver or the passenger so as to alert the concerned of emergency conditions. On pressing this button, an alarm will be activated which will help the passenger/employee in emergencies and keep them secure throughout the journey. The vehicle can also be immobilized remotely.

INTRODUCTION:

Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles.

GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a number of well-developed technologies.

To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPS’s ability to pin-point location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center.

Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.

The design takes into consideration important factors regarding both position and data communication. Thus, the project integrates location determination (GPS) and cellular (GSM) – two distinct and powerful technologies in a single system.

VMSS is based on a PIC microcontroller-based system equipped with a GPS receiver and a GSM Module operating in the 900 MHz band. We housed the parts in one small plastic unit, which was then mounted on the vehicle and connected to GPS and GSM antennas. The position, identity, heading, and speed are transmitted either automatically at user-defined time intervals or when a certain event occurs with an assigned message (e.g.; accident, alert, or leaving/entering an admissible geographical area).

The GPS Module outputs the vehicle location information such as longitude, latitude, direction, and Greenwich Time every five minutes. The GSM wireless communications function is based on a GSM network established in a valid region and with a valid service provider. Via the SMS provided by the GSM network, the location information and the status of the GPS-GSM VMSS are sent to the control center. Meanwhile, the VMSS receives the control information from the control center via the same SMS. Next, the GPS-GSM VMSS sends the information stored in the microcontroller via an RS-232 interface.

There are two ways to use the VMSS’ alarm function, which can be signified by either a buzzer or presented on LCD. The first way is to receive the command from the control center; second way is to manually send the alarm information to the control center with the push of a button.

The base station consists of landline modem(s) and GIS workstation. The information about the vehicle is received at a base station and is then displayed on a PC based map. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides a current, spatial, visual representation of transit operations. It is a special type of computerized database management system in which geographic databases are related to one via a common set of location coordinates.

STAGES OF VMSS

STAGE 1:

1. Driver starts his trip from the transport office.
2. VMSS transmits the Driver I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.

STAGE 2:

1. Taxi picks up the employee/passenger from their residence.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore base station will be able to keep a track of the vehicle and thus the employee/passenger.

STAGE 3:

1. Taxi drops the employee/passenger to the workplace.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station.

STAGE 4:

1. Taxi picks the employee/passenger from the workplace.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the Vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station. Therefore this enables the base station to estimate the time if required and also keep a track of the vehicle, passenger and the driver.

STAGE 5:

1. Taxi drops the employee/passenger to their residence.
2. VMSS transmits the Passenger I.D and the vehicle I.D along with the position of the vehicle to the base station and makes sure that the job is 100% complete.
   

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