1.Test for leakage, called water test:

After giving the joints enough time to set in, the sewers are checked to make sure there are “no leakages” through them. The sewer pipe sections are tested for this purpose between manholes using a test pressure of roughly 1.5 metres of water head.

The lower end of the sewer is initially plugged, as illustrated in the fig, in order to conduct this test on a line between two manholes. The upper manhole is now full with water, which is now allowed to flow via the sewage system. Up to the testing head, which is 1.5 metres deep, the water level in the manhole is maintained. By going along the trench, the sewage line is observed, and any sweating or leaking joints are fixed. Additionally, any leaky pipes will be replaced.

2. Testing for straightness of alignment and obstruction

By positioning a mirror at one end of the sewer line and a lamp at the other, it is possible to determine whether the sewer pipe is straight. You can see the entire circle of the light if the pipeline is straight.

The mirror will also reveal any obstructions in the pipe barrel if the pipeline is not straight, which would be obvious. By inserting at the sewer’s upper end, any observations that are present in the pipe can also be tested.

A round ball that is 13 mm smaller in diameter than the interior diameter of the sewer pipe The ball should roll down the sewer pipe’s invert and emerge at the lower end if there are no obstructions, such as yarn or a motor sticking out of the junction.

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The equipment is made up of a flow table with a diameter of roughly 76 cm and concentric circles marked on it. The following internal dimensions are employed in a smooth metal casting mould in the shape of a frustum of a cone. The base measures 25 cm in diameter, the upper surface measures 17 cm in diameter, and the cone stands 12 cm tall.

The table’s centre is firmly secured and filled in two levels. Each layer is tamped 25 times with a 1.6 cm diameter tamping rod that is 61 cm long and rounded at the lower tamping end. top layer is equally rodded, and the excess concrete that has overflowed the mould is removed. The concrete is pulled vertically upward from the mould and stands on its own. In around 15 seconds, the table is raised and dropped 12.5 mm 15 times. The spread concrete’s diameter is measured to the nearest 5 mm in six directions. It is indicated the average spread.

Consistometer Test using Vee Bee

This is a good laboratory test for determining the workability of concrete indirectly. A vibrating table, a metal pot, a sheet metal cone, and a standard iron rod are used in this test.

The slump test is carried out as described above, with the slump cone being placed inside the sheet metal cylindrical pot of the consistometer. The swivel arm’s glass disc is spun and positioned on top of the concrete in the pot. The electrical vibrator is then turned on, and a stopwatch is started at the same time.

The vibration continues until the conical shape of the concrete vanishes and the concrete takes on a cylindrical shape. This can be determined by looking at the transparency of the glass disc from the top.

The stop watch is turned off as soon as the concrete has entirely assumed a cylindrical shape.

Vee Bee Degree is the amount of time it takes for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone to cylindrical in seconds.

This method is very suitable for very dry concrete whose slump value cannot be measured by Slump Test, but the vibration is too vigorous for concrete with a slump greater than about 50 mm.

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The compacting factor test is primarily intended for laboratory usage, although it can also be applied in the field.

It is more precise and sensitive than the slump test, and it is especially beneficial for very low workability concrete mixtures, which are commonly employed when concrete is compacted by vibration.

Premise:

This test is based on the principle of determining the degree of compaction accomplished by allowing concrete to fall through a standard height with a standard amount of work. The density ratio, or the ratio of the density actually attained in the test to the density of the same concrete fully compacted, is used to determine the degree of compaction, also known as the compacting factor.

Compacting Factor Test Procedure

1. The concrete sample to be analysed is filled to the brim in the upper hopper.
2. The concrete falls into the bottom hopper after the trap-door is opened.
3. The bottom hopper’s trap door is then opened, allowing the concrete to fall into the cylinder.
4. If the concrete is dry-mix, it is unlikely that it will fall when the trapdoor is opened.
5. In this scenario, a little poke with a rod may be necessary to get the concrete moving.
6. The extra concrete that remains over the cylinder’s top level is subsequently chopped away with plane blades included with the apparatus.
7. The cylinder’s exterior has been scrubbed clean. The concrete is precisely filled to the cylinder’s top level. It’s weighted to the tenth of a gramme. “Weight of partially compacted concrete” is the name given to this weight.
8. The cylinder is then emptied and refilled with concrete from the same sample in 5 cm thick layers.
9. To achieve thorough compaction, the strata are severely rammed or, preferably, vibrated.
10. The fully compacted concrete’s top surface is then carefully struck off level with the cylinder’s top and weighed to the closest 10 grams. “Weight of thoroughly compacted concrete” is the name given to this weight.

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It is not good for extremely wet or extremely dry concrete. It does not account for all aspects that influence workability, nor is it always indicative of the concrete’s placability.

However, it is useful as a control test because it indicates the consistency of concrete from batch to batch.

The slump test apparatus mainly consists of a metallic mould in the shape of a frustum of a cone with the internal dimensions as follows:

• 20 cm bottom diameter
• 10 cm top diameter
• 30 cm in height

The copper sheet for the mould should not be thinner than 1.6 mm in thickness. Suitable guides for vertical lifting are sometimes included with the mould. A steel tamping rod with a bullet end and a diameter of 16 mm is used to tamp the concrete.

Before starting the test, the internal surface of the mould is completely cleaned and free of excess moisture and adherence of any old set concrete.

Slump test procedure:

1. The mould is put on a non-absorbent, smooth, horizontal, solid surface.
2. The mould is then filled in four stages, each about 1/4 of the way up the mold’s height.
3. The tamping rod is used to tamp each layer 25 times, uniformly distributing the strokes across the cross section.
4. The concrete is struck off level using a trowel and tamping rod after the top layer has been rodded. The mould is immediately removed from the concrete by slowly and carefully elevating it vertically.
5. This permits the concrete to settle. Concrete SLUMP is the term for this type of subsidence.
6. The level difference between the mold’s height and the highest point of the subsiding concrete is measured. Slump of Concrete is the variation in height in millimetres.

It is important to note that:

1. True slump occurs when the concrete slumps evenly.
2. Shear slump occurs when one half of a cone slides down.
3. The difference in height between the height of the mould and the average value of the subsidence is used to calculate the slump value in a shear slump.
4. Shear slump indicates that the concrete is non-cohesive and has segregation characteristics.

The slump test is suitable for slumps of medium to low workability, with slumps ranging from 5 to 260 mm. However, the test fails to distinguish between stiff mixes with zero slump and moist mixes with a collapse slump. It only applies to concrete with aggregates smaller than 38 mm (1.5 inch).

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Morals, values, and beliefs of individuals, families, and societies are referred to as ethics. The term has multiple meanings. It is essentially an activity and process of investigation. Second, while dealing with concerns and conflicts, it differs from non-moral matters. Finally, ethics refers to a system of moral views, attitudes, and behaviours held by individuals, families, or groups.

It entails investigating current events, making decisions, and resolving problems. Furthermore, through the duties, rights, responsibilities, and obligations, ethics teaches us how to live and respond to challenges.

Similar concepts are found in religion, although the reasoning on methods is limited. Religions’ concepts and practises have changed with time (history), by place (geography, climatic circumstances), religion, society, language, caste, and creed. However, ethics has progressed well beyond the aforementioned barriers. The goal of ethics is to universally examine and implement the ideas and behaviours.

Work Ethics:

Industry and society are two intertwined systems that interact with one another. Industry/business systems that supply manufacturing, distribution, and consuming activities are required by society.

It requires capital (investment), labour (input), raw materials (supply), production (industries, businesses), marketing and distribution (transport), and consumption (consumption) (public, customer). Many transactions (and interactions) take place between these subsystems.

People must be involved in order for society to thrive. Work ethics are quite important in this situation.

Work ethics is defined as a set of attitudes that are concerned with the worth of work and serve to motivate people. Work ethics fulfils obligations to one’s self, family, society, and country. Individual rights are respected and protected. Every human being cultivates and enjoys values and virtues.

In addition, the quality of life is enhanced, and the environment is preserved. Unemployment and underemployment, on the other hand, cause discontent, social tensions, and even militancy. To thrive as a developed nation, a developing economy and society, such as ours, must promote work ethics at all levels.

Codes Of Ethics

A corporate member

1. must apply his or her knowledge and experience to the community’s benefit, health, and safety without regard to sectional or private interests.
2. must act with honour, honesty, and decency in all of his professional acts in order to earn the community’s and profession’s trust.
3. must behave with diligence, care, sincerity, and honesty solely in the areas of his competence.
4. must use his knowledge and skills in the best interests of his company or the clients for whom he will serve, without jeopardising other responsibilities under these precepts.
5. He or his collaborators shall not falsify or misrepresent their qualifications, experience, or other information.
6. should take all reasonable steps to inform himself, his employer, or his clients of the environmental, economic, social, and other possible implications of his conduct, if necessary and relevant.
7. shall make a statement or give testimony with the highest honesty and fairness, and shall do so on the basis of proper knowledge.
8. shall not harm another member’s professional reputation directly or indirectly.
9. must reject any offer that may involve unfair practises or result in needless environmental damage.
10. shall be concerned about and act to the best of his ability to ensure the long-term viability of the development process.
11. shall not act in any way that may harm the institution’s reputation or create financial or other harm to the institution.

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Quality control is the process of quality management. Quality control is achieved by stage-wise as inspections covering the complete process and applied at various stages of operations to minimize the number of non-conformities. Quality control is basically based on the detection concept and is reactive in nature. Quality control in addition to inspection involves the use of the following methods in order to get it off the poor quality products.

Other tools of quality management are

Basic Statistical methods :

Statistics is the science that deals with the collection, classification, analysis and making of inferences from the data or information. Statistics as divided into 2 categories namely

1. Problem Solving techniques :

Any problem in the process of manufacturing is rectified and solved immediately in order to obtain a quality product.

2. Satisfaction in the inspection and testing methods :

By employing modern techniques in testing methods the speed in the inspection can be increased accuracy can be well maintained and the percentage of errors can be minimized to greater extent Tools like testing plan, inspection schedule etc.

Should be mandatorily imposed in the quality management system in order to obtain for better quality product and also speed up inspection.

Golden rules of quality control:

For the successful quality control implementation, the following rules has to be followed strictly:

• The topmost man in the organisation must be convinced about the quality of a particular construction site.
• The reporting system of the quality control department must be connected to the topmost man of the organisation directly and not through any person connected with a project management
• Every worker or supervisor in the project execution team places a critical role in the quality control system. He should be aware of various inspection procedures and training must be provided at the root level.
• Quality must always be given preference over speed and economy. In fact time consuming for repairs and modifications due to poor quality work generally delay the work and cause additional financial impact on the project and timely corrective action can be a key for sucessful quality control system.
• Good quality construction cannot be carried out by using poor quality materials Proper involvement in the construction must learn from the mistakes which has happened previously during the construction and also a keen supervision is required in order and not to repeat the mistakes at any circumstances.
• The quality control inspectors should not only be skilful enough to point out the non-conformance of the project but must also be capable enough to give suggestion to resolve them and prevent their occurrence in the future.
• The quality control inspectors should be observing and watchful and he should never believe in what others have seen but he must believe in what he has inspected and seen personally.
• Ignorance, negligence, carelessness and greed leads to construction failure. The quality control inspectors in addition of having a good technical knowledge must be very alert and should be honest.
• The quality control inspector should totally reject the concrete members or even any other structure which is found to be defective in any part, any compromises of repairs will encourage the construction company to continue to do poor quality work.
• Strict instructions in the beginning of the construction should be given in order to demolish the defective concrete members and only then all precautions will be taken to prevent future occurrence of the unacceptable concrete structures or other construction.
• Essential material testing and concrete testing must be carried out at construction site. It is not possible to control quality of work if the testing lab is located far away from the site and hence it should located in each and every site.

QUALITY ASSURANCE refers to the systematic and planned efforts that are required to provide adequate assurance that a product or service will meet the specified quality requirements.

QUALITY ASSURANCE refers to all of the planned and deliberate efforts required for QUALITY. Give enough assurance that a company will achieve quality criteria A quality audit is an example of quality assurance. The goal of the quality assurance process is to develop a system that prevents problems from occurring during the production process.

Benefits Of Quality Assurance:

1. It gives you a high-quality output.
2. It increases the efficiency of operations.
3. It brings customer satisfaction, which affects your brand and helps you grow your business.
4. If your product is good quality, you will not need much rework and there will not be much after-sale support required. This will help you save a lot of money.
5. A high level of confidence and a motivated team

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